Intro to Psychology
Ch. 1 AP Terms
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Ch. 2 PowerPoint
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Crash CourseDream Symbolism
http://octc.org/pdf/guides/dreams_handout.pdf
by Margaret Ruth
A reader asked: "Can you tell me what a burning tree signifies in a dream?"
Dream interpretation can be interesting, tricky, multidimensional, revealing and difficult. When trying to interpret a dream, the most important thing to remember is that dream symbols can mean many things, all at the same time. In other words, each image you see in your dream has multiple interpretations - and all of them correct.
For instance, here are three of the ways I look at dream images.
1. Metaphorical or Archetypal
This is the type of recurring meaning that spans time and geography, although some archetypes can pertain only to your own culture. These are meanings we usually find in dream dictionaries. To dream of your mother, for instance, has a bigger meaning than a mom. The archetype of the mother is: Mother Earth, Gaia, pregnancy, fertility, nurturing, growing, care of the planet, people, animals and plants.
In a case like this, I looked up fire and looked up tree in some online dictionaries. Fire, as a metaphor or symbol can mean destruction, purification, energy, passion, ideas, transformation. Trees can symbolize growth, stability, protection, security, knowledge.
2. Literal
In this case, dream symbols may be just what they seem. Sometimes if you dream of your mother, it means your mother. The tree you dream about is an actual tree in your backyard and it needs watering (you know, it's on fire). If you have a precognitive dream, the images you see will be fairly literal.
3. Your Own Brain's Selection
This is highly individual. Dreaming is a multidimensional activity. Our poor brains struggle sometimes when we awake to put a three dimensional image on something experienced in the dream. So, often it will pick an image closest to the idea it can find. For instance, if you are dreaming of the mothering part of yourself, then your brain assigned an image of your mother to it. Or, you dream of a tree and it is a tree image you just saw the other day in a movie, for instance. In this case, the image is related to something you saw and thus can only be interpreted by you by remembering the experience. Sometimes, people get upset that they dreamed of an old girlfriend or and ex-husband, knowing that they do not have any interest in these folks anymore. But the images we get upon awakening simply are our brains best interpretation.
Interpretation and Your Individual Experience
Try to relive the feelings, ideas and impressions you got when you had the dream. It will help you understand what the meaning was from everything given here. In this case, a burning tree may have indicated a desire to transform your life, AND that the tree in the backyard needs watering AND you really liked that movie with the tree you saw the other day -- it struck a chord. These could all be true at the same time. That is one of the most fascinating things about dream interpretation.
To get a sense of what some of the more archetypal meanings of dream images, I consult a dream dictionary. In the old days, we used to have hard copies. Now, however, there are many excellent dream dictionaries online. This makes it simple to acquire a very good sense of meanings, very quickly. Here are some that I thought were helpful. Let me know if you find any others.
Crash Course Dreams
http://psychcentral.com/personality-test/start.php
http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/
http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/
Ch. 2 Test Study Quizlet
http://quizlet.com/6983545/psychology-ch-2-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/6983545/psychology-ch-2-flash-cards/
Brain Quizlet
http://quizlet.com/6672916/the-brain-our-control-center-flash-cards/
http://quizlet.com/6672916/the-brain-our-control-center-flash-cards/
1. Miligram Experiment
The notorious Milgram Study is one of the most well known of psychology experiments. Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist at Yale University, wanted to test obedience to authority. He set up an experiment with “teachers” who were the actual participants, and a “learner,” who was an actor. Both the teacher and the learner were told that the study was about memory and learning.
Both the learner and the teacher received slips that they were told were given to them randomly, when in fact, both had been given slips that read “teacher.” The actor claimed to receive a “learner” slip, so the teacher was deceived. Both were separated into separate rooms and could only hear each other. The teacher read a pair of words, following by four possible answers to the question. If the learner was incorrect with his answer, the teacher was to administer a shock with voltage that increased with every wrong answer. If correct, there would be no shock, and the teacher would advance to the next question.
In reality, no one was being shocked. A tape recorder with pre-recorded screams was hooked up to play each time the teacher administered a shock. When the shocks got to a higher voltage, the actor/learner would bang on the wall and ask the teacher to stop. Eventually all screams and banging would stop and silence would ensue. This was the point when many of the teachers exhibited extreme distress and would ask to stop the experiment. Some questioned the experiment, but many were encouraged to go on and told they would not be responsible for any results.
If at any time the subject indicated his desire to halt the experiment, he was told by the experimenter, Please continue. The experiment requires that you continue. It is absolutely essential that you continue. You have no other choice, you must go on. If after all four orders the teacher still wished to stop the experiment, it was ended. Only 14 out of 40 teachers halted the experiment before administering a 450 volt shock, though every participant questioned the experiment, and no teacher firmly refused to stop the shocks before 300 volts.
In 1981, Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr. wrote that the Milgram Experiment and the later Stanford prison experiment were frightening in their implications about the danger lurking in human nature’s dark side.
1. Write a summary of the experiment.
2. What this study ethical? Explain your answer.
3. If this study was done at the high school, in what areas would it differ?
4. What are your thoughts on human nature after studying this?
2. Little Albert
John Watson, father of behaviorism, was a psychologist who was apt to using orphans in his experiments. Watson wanted to test the idea of whether fear was innate or a conditioned response. Little Albert, the nickname given to the nine month old infant that Watson chose from a hospital, was exposed to a white rabbit, a white rat, a monkey, masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspaper, and a miscellanea of other things for two months without any sort of conditioning. Then experiment began by placing Albert on a mattress in the middle of a room. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert and he was allowed to play with it. At this point, the child showed no fear of the rat.
Then Watson would make a loud sound behind Albert’s back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer when the baby touched the rat. In these occasions, Little Albert cried and showed fear as he heard the noise. After this was done several times, Albert became very distressed when the rat was displayed. Albert had associated the white rat with the loud noise and was producing the fearful or emotional response of crying.
Little Albert started to generalize his fear response to anything fluffy or white (or both). The most unfortunate part of this experiment is that Little Albert was not desensitized to his fear. He left the hospital before Watson could do so.
1. Summarize the experiment.
2. Do you think this experiment was ethical? Explain your answer.
3. What are your thoughts on using orphans for experiments?
4. What does it mean that 'Little Albert was not desensitized to his fear"? How does this affect the ethics of the experiment?
5. What are your thoughts on human nature after studying this?
3. Stanford Prison Experiment
This study was not necessarily unethical, but the results were disastrous, and its sheer infamy puts it on this list. Famed psychologist Philip Zimbardo led this experiment to examine that behavior of individuals when placed into roles of either prisoner or guard and the norms these individuals were expected to display.
Prisoners were put into a situation purposely meant to cause disorientation, degradation, and depersonalization. Guards were not given any specific directions or training on how to carry out their roles. Though at first, the students were unsure of how to carry out their roles, eventually they had no problem. The second day of the experiment invited a rebellion by the prisoners, which brought a severe response from the guards. Things only went downhill from there.
Guards implemented a privilege system meant to break solidarity between prisoners and create distrust between them. The guards became paranoid about the prisoners, believing they were out to get them. This caused the privilege system to be controlled in every aspect, even in the prisoners’ bodily functions. Prisoners began to experience emotional disturbances, depression, and learned helplessness. During this time, prisoners were visited by a prison chaplain. They identified themselves as numbers rather than their names, and when asked how they planned to leave the prison, prisoners were confused. They had completely assimilated into their roles.
Dr. Zimbardo ended the experiment after five days, when he realized just how real the prison had become to the subjects. Though the experiment lasted only a short time, the results are very telling. How quickly someone can abuse their control when put into the right circumstances. The scandal at Abu Ghraib that shocked the U.S. in 2004 is prime example of Zimbardo’s experiment findings.
(http://listverse.com/2008/09/07/top-10-unethical-psychological-experiments/)
1. Summarize the Stanford Prison Experiment.
2. What happened at Abu Ghraib?
3. Do you think this study was unethical? Why or why not?
4. Do you think if this study was done at the high school (with your peers as the volunteers) what do you predict would happen?
5. What are your thoughts on human nature after studying this?